Cultured meat

Cultured meat, also known as cultivated meat among other names, is a form of cellular agriculture wherein meat is produced by culturing animal cells in vitro.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} Cultured meat is produced using tissue engineering techniques pioneered in regenerative medicine.^[6] Jason Matheny popularized the concept in the early 2000s after he co-authored a paper^[7] on cultured meat production and created New Harvest, the world's first non-profit organization dedicated to in-vitro meat research.^[8] Cultured meat has the potential to mitigate the environmental impact of meat production^[3] and address issues regarding animal welfare, food security and human health.^{[9][10][11][12][13][14][15]}

In 2013, Mark Post created a hamburger patty made from tissue grown outside of an animal. Since then, other cultured meat prototypes have gained media attention: SuperMeat opened a farm-to-fork restaurant in Tel Aviv called The Chicken^[16] to test consumer reaction to its cultured chicken burger,^[17] while the "world's first commercial sale of cell-cultured meat" occurred in December 2020 at Singapore restaurant 1880, where cultured meat manufactured by United States firm Eat Just was sold.^[18]

While most efforts focus on common meats such as pork, beef, and chicken which constitute the bulk of consumption in developed countries,^[19] companies such as Orbillion Bio focused on high-end or unusual meats including elk, lamb, bison, and Wagyu beef.^[20] Avant Meats brought cultured grouper to market in 2021,^[21] while other companies have pursued different species of fish and other seafood.^[22]

The production process of cultured meat is constantly evolving, driven by companies and research institutions.^[23] The applications for cultured meat led to ethical,^[24] health, environmental, cultural, and economic discussions.^[25] Data published by the non-governmental organization Good Food Institute found that in 2021 cultivated meat companies attracted $140 million in Europe.^[3] The first restaurant to serve cultured meat opened in Singapore in 2021.^[26] However, cultured meat is not yet widely available.